The term "malignant papilloma" is not medically precise, as papillomas are, by definition, benign growths. However, it is often used colloquially to describe a papilloma-like skin growth that exhibits atypical changes, raising concern for a possible pre-cancerous or malignant process. In such cases, the growth is no longer considered a simple papilloma but a suspicious lesion requiring further investigation.
In dermatovenereological practice, what matters is not only how a growth looks, but also how it behaves. Sudden or progressive changes occurring over a short period of time are considered grounds for a more detailed medical assessment.
What is a papilloma and how does It form?
A papilloma is a benign growth of the skin or mucous membranes, often referred to as a skin papilloma. It typically appears as a soft, raised growth, sometimes with a narrower base, and can develop in various areas of the body.
Papilloma-like skin growths can have different origins. Some, like skin tags (acrochordons), are benign fibrous growths often associated with friction, genetics, obesity, or insulin resistance. Others are true viral papillomas, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which leads to the formation of warts on the skin or mucous membranes.
It is important to note that the appearance of a papilloma does not in itself indicate a malignant process. Each growth is assessed individually, taking into account its clinical characteristics and changes over time.
How is HPV infection transmitted?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) spreads through direct skin or mucous membrane contact, most commonly during sexual activity. Transmission is possible even in the absence of any visible symptoms, which is why the infection is often identified incidentally during routine screening [1].
HPV types are divided into low-risk and high-risk categories. Low-risk types more commonly cause benign changes, such as warts. High-risk HPV types, particularly 16 and 18, are associated with cellular changes in the mucous membranes. If such an infection persists over a long period, it may be linked to pre-cancerous or malignant changes, particularly in the cervical area [2,3].
The term "human papillomavirus on the cervix" in clinical practice refers to virus-induced changes that are monitored through regular preventive screening — it does not imply an inevitable disease course.
Research has shown that more than 80% of people contract HPV at least once during their lifetime; however, most of these infections resolve on their own without long-term consequences [1].
Where on the body do papillomas appear?
Papillomas can appear in various areas of the body, particularly where the skin experiences greater friction or moisture:
- In the neck area (papilloma on the neck).
- In the armpits and groin.
- Under the breasts.
- Around the eyes (papilloma on the eyelid).
- In the genital area.
How to recognise a malignant papilloma?
Concerning signs are most often associated with changes in a growth over time:
- Change in colour (particularly darkening, uneven tone, or colour change within the same growth).
- Change in size or shape (when the growth begins to enlarge or its contours shift).
- Bleeding or oozing without a clear trauma (occurring spontaneously).
- Asymmetrical shape or irregular, poorly defined edges.
- Newly developed sensations such as pain, tingling, or itching.
These signs do not necessarily indicate a malignant process, but they do point to the need for a medical assessment. In such cases, a dermatologist's consultation is worth considering.
How is a malignant papilloma treated?
The treatment of suspicious papilloma-like growths depends on an accurate diagnosis. In clinical practice, the removal of the growth and histological examination is a common approach, allowing for an assessment of cell structure and any changes present.
When it comes to HPV treatment, it is important to understand that what is treated is not the virus itself, but the changes it causes. The question of how to get rid of HPV is therefore addressed on an individual basis, taking into account the clinical situation, risk factors, and test results [1,2].
Removing papillomas at home — what to know
Removing papillomas at home without a medical assessment carries risks, particularly if the growth has atypical characteristics. Self-removal increases the risk of infection, scarring, and delayed diagnosis.
For this reason, professional dermatological assessment and, where indicated, papilloma removal in a medical setting is the safer path.
References
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024.
[2] National Cancer Institute (NCI). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Basic Information about HPV and Cancer. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024.
